TECHNICAL ELECTIVE COURSES, (6 TE courses during 7thand 8th semesters) The technical elective courses that will be taken at the 4th year, are chosen by the students during the last month of 6th semester. The list of technical elective courses given at the department are as follows: PETE 414 International Petroleum Economics and Politics (3-0)3 Review of petroleum industry from l859 when it was discovered by Drake in Pennsylvania, USA, up to and including early 1980's when the world economic structure survived the "second oil price shock." Role of oil in international economics and politics, its vital importance in the Middle East and North Africa for the Western and Eastern economical and political systems. Economical and political results of developments. A brief survey of the structure of oil market. PETE 422 Pressure Control (3-0)3 Origin and detection of abnormal formation pressures. Principles of pressure control: behavior of gas in drilling fluids, mechanics of bubble rise. Pressure control methods: driller, engineer, concurement and low choke pressure methods. Prediction methods for fracture pressure gradient. Drilling and completion concepts in overpressured formations. Pressure control equipments. Special problems. PETE 424 Special Operations in Drilling (3-0)3 Coring; core barrel types. Fishing; differential sticking, freepoint detection, string-shot back-off taps and die collars, spears and overshots, washover pipe, cutters. Measurement while drilling. PETE 426 Drilling Fluid Engineering (3-0)3 Clay mineralogy and colloid chemistry of muds. Rheology and filtration properties of drilling fluids. Annual performance calculations. Composition of water base muds. Inhibitive and low solid muds. Theory of emulsion and foam. Composition of oil base and pneumatic drilling fluids. Solids control. Hole stability. Problems related to drilling fluids. Differential sticking, lost circulation and corrosion. PETE 430 Design of Artificial Lift Techniques (3-0)3 Methods of artificial lift. Selection of and artificial-lift method. Preparation of tubing intake curves for artificial lift systems. Design of electric submersible, hydraulic, jet, beam and screw pumps. Pumping methods for unloading of gas wells. PETE 432 Production Optimization by Nodal System Analysis ( 3-0)3 Solution procedure for oil wells and injection wells. Nodal analysis as applied to gas wells, gravel-packed oil and gas wells and a standard perforated well. Special pipeline problems. Production optimization for a complete ocean-floor optimization. Applying production optimization to a complete field integrated oil-production system. PETE 434 Well Stimulation (3-0)3 Acidizing: carbonate and sandstone acidizing. Diverting agents: history and application. Fracturing; principles of hydraulic fracturing, planning a fracturing treatment (data gathering), fluid design, perforation design, breakdown design, design of a fracturing treatment, post-job evaluation. Re-fracturing. Fracture acidizing. PETE 436 Reservoir Characterization (3-0)3 Definition of petroleum reservoir heterogeneity using conventional methods and possible improvements to these methods. Review of basic statistical concepts and methods. Reservoir Rock and Fluid Property Evaluation by Statistical Methods. Scale-up and Simulator Data Preparation. Emerging Methods in Petroleum Reservoir Characterization. Case studies from oil industry. PETE 440 Well Test Analysis (3-0)3 Analytical solution to diffusivity equation and basis for pressure transient test analysis. Skin and wellbore storage concepts. Pressure buildup and flow tests. Estimating average drainage area pressure. Type curves as diagnostic tools and as an analysis technique. Analysis of well tests in hydraulically fractured wells. Well test behavior in naturally fractured reservoirs. Multiple well testing, interference and pulse tests. Well test design. PETE 443 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods (3-0)3 Immiscible fluid displacement mechanisms. The fractional flow formula. The rate of advance formula. Stabilized zone concept. Mechanisms and performance calculations of waterflooding and immiscible gas injection. Improved waterflooding methods. Miscible injection methods. Thermal methods: Hot water, steam and in-situ combustion. Field design parameters. PETE 444 Mathematical Modeling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs (3-0)3 Basic principles of mathematical modeling. Finite difference/finite element form of equations that govern single and multiphase flow through porous media. Characteristics of finite difference/finite element equations. Solution strategy techniques of originating matrix problems. Data evaluation in simulation problems. Case studies. Prerequisites: ES 305 and PETE 342 or consent of the department. PETE 445 Transport Phenomena in Geosystems (3-0)3 Applications of mass, heat and momentum balances to fluid flow problems. Shell balances. Non-Newtonian fluids. Transport processes in porous media. PETE 446 Thermal Recovery Methods (3-0)3 Fluid flow and heat transport through porous media. Definition of thermal EOR methods. Hot water injection, steam injection, steam override, steam additives, case histories. Insitu combustion, wet combustion, superwet combustion. Combustion reaction in porous media. Case histories. PETE 448 Miscible EOR Processes (3-0)3 Definition of miscibility in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Phase behavior and miscibility, ternary diagrams, methods of determining miscibility conditions. Condensing gas drive, vaporizing gas drive processes. Design considerations and predictive methods. PETE 450 Introduction to Geothermal Reservoir Engineering (3-0)3 Classification of geothermal reservoirs, distribution and characteristics of geothermal resources. Physical aspects of hydrothermal systems. Assessment of geothermal resources. Well completion and warm-up, measurements during drilling; temperature log, the completion tests, pressure log. Flow testing. Well performance. PETE 452 Chemistry of Geothermal Systems (3-0)3 The chemical nature of geothermal systems; water, steam, origin and age of water, origin of chemicals in geothermal fluids, deposits from waters. Physical properties, chemical geothermometers, isotope geothermometers. Sampling and data collection; collection of samples of water and steam, analytical techniques for geothermal fluids. Gaseous components in geothermal processes, distribution of gases between liquid and vapor, gas pressures. Mineral deposition. PETE 460 Natural Gas Technology (3-0)3 The origin and characteristics of natural gas. The purification and liquefaction of natural gas. Natural gas transmission and distribution. PETE 462 Underground Gas Storage (3-0)3 Aspects of energy related to gas storage, degree day concept, base load, peak load. Properties of gas storage reservoirs, aquifer storage, salt cavern storage. Design, development and operation of storage fields. PETE 491 Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering Operations (3-0)3 Principles of environmental control in petroleum engineering. The impact of drilling and production operations. Environmental transport of petroleum wastes. Planning for environmental protection. Waste treatment methods. Remediation of contaminated sites. PETE 491-498 Special Topics in Petroleum Engineering (3-0)3 These code numbers will be for technical elective courses which are not listed regularly in the catalog. The course contents will be announced before the semester commences.